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The Qemant () are a small subgroup of the Agaw people in Ethiopia, who traditionally practiced an early Hebrew religion. Despite their historic relationship, they should not be confused with the Beta Israel. The ethnicity's population is roughly 172,000, according to the 1994 national census;〔(''1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region'', Vol. 1, part 1 ), Table 2.7 (accessed 6 April 2009)〕 the latest available national census, the one performed in 2007, does not list them as a separate group.〔("Census 2007" ), first draft, Table 5.〕 However, only 1,625 people still speak Qimant, and it is considered endangered, as most children speak Amharic; likewise, adherence to the traditional religion has dropped substantially, as most of the population has converted to Christianity. Converts often consider themselves to have become Amhara. The Qemant live along an axis stretching from Ayikel in Chilga woreda to Kirakir north to Lake Tana in the woredas of Lay Armachiho, Qwara, Dembiya, Metemma and Wogera; most remaining speakers of the language are near Ayikel, about 40 miles west of Gondar. They are mainly farmers. The Qemant are divided into two patrilineal moieties, the Keber and the Yetanti; the Keber is higher in rank. A traditional Qemant can only marry a member of the other moiety, so, while the moieties are exogamous, Qemant society as a whole is endogamous.〔Gamst (1969), p.67〕 ==Religion== The Qemant traditionally practiced a religion which is often described as "Pagan-Hebraic," combining elements from both Judaism and paganism. According to the American scholar Frederic C. Gamst, their "Hebraism is an ancient form and unaffected by Hebraic change of the past two millennia". A recent sociolinguistic survey notes that the Qemant religion is in a very precarious situation since very few people still adhere to it. According to this study, the ratio of those who follow the Qemant religion vs. those who are baptized and converted to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity is about 1% vs. 99%.〔Leyew (2002), p. 8.〕 Their religious observances include a literal reading of the 11th chapter of Leviticus (''see Kashrut''). As with mainstream Judaism, even permitted animals can only be consumed if they are properly slaughtered (''see Shechita''). Their practices include animal sacrifices, and the tending of sacred groves (called ''degegna''). Worship is conducted outdoors, usually at a site near a sacred tree (called ''qole''), wrapped in variously-colored strips of cloth. This appears to be a survival of a biblical tradition: :Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there the name of God (Genesis 21:33). and :..where the women wove hangings for the grove (II Kings 23:7). However, due to their dislike to being observed by the increasingly pervasive Christians, they have latterly constructed a prayer-hall at Chelga. 〔Gamst (1969), p. 27〕 The Sabbath is observed on Saturday, when it is forbidden to light a fire. The extent to which other prohibitions, as are found in Judaism, are observed, is unclear. The Qemant call the Deity ''Adara'' (God) or ''Yeadara'' (My God) or ''Mezgana'' which seems to be his proper name. He is described as omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient, and anthropomorphic. He is approachable directly or through ''qedus'' which are angels or culture heroes.〔Gamst (1969) pp. 34–37〕 The highest political and religious leader among the Qemant is their High Priest, called the ''Wember'' (also transliterated ''Womber'' and ''Wambar''), an Amharic term meaning "seat." There were formerly two superior wambars, at Karkar and at Chelga, with the first being senior, and a varying number of subordinate wambars in other parts of Qemantland. All wambars are chosen from certain lineages in the Keber moiety. The last wambar of Karkar died in 1955, and since then the only wambar has been Mulunah Marsha, Wambar of Chelga (born 1935). Each wambar chose (from the Keber moiety) one or more delegates with the title of ''afaliq'' to represent him in judicial matters. These men traveled the countryside, settling disputes, seeing that the laws were obeyed, and punishing wrongdoing, usually with a fine.〔Gamst (1969), p. 62〕 Each wambar also chose two stewards with different titles, one from each moiety, who served different elements of the sacred meals.〔Gamst (1969), p.43〕 There are two orders of priesthood, the ''kamazana'', the higher, of the Keber moiety, and the ''abayegariya'', the lower, of the Yetanti moiety. Each Qemant locality has at least one of each; they must work together to conduct the traditional sacrifices and other religious ceremonies. When offering a sacrifice, the abayegaria holds the legs of the victim and the kamazana wields the knife.〔 The priests also have a subordinate judicial function.〔 The Qemant don't consider themselves as Jews. 〔Olivier Tourny, "(‘Kedassie’ A Kemant (Ethiopian Agaw) Ritual )" in Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele (Editors), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 4, p. 1225 - 1233 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Qemant people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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